PDiff Express

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PDF comparison software for artwork inspection, quality assurance, and text inspection. PDIFF= number-list. You can use the NPERGROUP= option in a balanced design and express effects in terms of the individual proportions, as in the following statements.

The TWOSAMPLEFREQ statement performs power and sample size analyses for tests of two independent proportions. Pearson’s chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and likelihood ratio chi-square tests are supported.

Summary of Options

Table 67.19 summarizes categories of options available in the TWOSAMPLEFREQ statement.

Table 67.20 summarizes the valid result parameters for different analyses in the TWOSAMPLEFREQ statement.

Dictionary of Options

specifies the level of significance of the statistical test. The default is 0.05, corresponding to the usual 0.05 100% = 5% level of significance. See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the number-list.

specifies the two independent proportions, and . See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the grouped-number-list.

specifies the two group sample sizes. See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the grouped-number-list.

specifies the sample size allocation weights for the two groups. This option controls how the total sample size is divided between the two groups. Each pair of values for the two groups represents relative allocation weights. Additionally, if the NFRACTIONAL option is not used, the total sample size is restricted to be equal to a multiple of the sum of the two group weights (so that the resulting design has an integer sample size for each group while adhering exactly to the group allocation weights). Values must be integers unless the NFRACTIONAL option is used. The default value is (1 1), a balanced design with a weight of 1 for each group. See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the grouped-number-list.

enables fractional input and output for sample sizes. See the section Sample Size Adjustment Options for information about the ramifications of the presence (and absence) of the NFRACTIONAL option.

specifies the common sample size per group or requests a solution for the common sample size per group with a missing value (NPERGROUP=.). Use of this option implicitly specifies a balanced design. See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the number-list.

specifies the sample size or requests a solution for the sample size with a missing value (NTOTAL=.). See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the number-list.

specifies the null odds ratio. The default value is 1. This option can be used only with the ODDSRATIO= option in the TEST=PCHI analysis. See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the number-list.

specifies the null proportion difference. The default value is 0. This option can be used only with the GROUPPROPORTIONS= or PROPORTIONDIFF= option in the TEST=PCHI analysis. See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the number-list.

specifies the null relative risk. The default value is 1. This option can be used only with the RELATIVERISK= option in the TEST=PCHI analysis. See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the number-list.

specifies the odds ratio . See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the number-list.

controls how the input and default analysis parameters are ordered in the output. OUTPUTORDER=INTERNAL (the default) arranges the parameters in the output according to the following order of their corresponding options:

The OUTPUTORDER=SYNTAX option arranges the parameters in the output in the same order in which their corresponding options are specified in the TWOSAMPLEFREQ statement. The OUTPUTORDER=REVERSE option arranges the parameters in the output in the reverse of the order in which their corresponding options are specified in the TWOSAMPLEFREQ statement.

specifies the desired power of the test or requests a solution for the power with a missing value (POWER=.). The power is expressed as a probability, a number between 0 and 1, rather than as a percentage. See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the number-list.

specifies the proportion difference . See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the number-list.

specifies the reference proportion . See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the number-list.

specifies the relative risk . See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the number-list.

specifies the number of sides (or tails) and the direction of the statistical test or confidence interval. See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the keyword-list. Valid keywords and their interpretation are as follows:

one-sided with alternative hypothesis in same direction as effect

two-sided

upper one-sided with alternative greater than null value

lower one-sided with alternative less than null value

If the effect size is zero, then SIDES=1 is not permitted; instead, specify the direction of the test explicitly in this case with either SIDES=L or SIDES=U. The default value is 2.

specifies the statistical analysis. TEST=FISHER specifies Fisher’s exact test. TEST=LRCHI specifies the likelihood ratio chi-square test. TEST=PCHI (the default) specifies Pearson’s chi-square test.

Restrictions on Option Combinations

To specify the proportions, choose one of the following parameterizations:

• individual proportions (by using the GROUPPROPORTIONS= option)

• difference between proportions and reference proportion (by using the PROPORTIONDIFF= and REFPROPORTION= options)

• odds ratio and reference proportion (by using the ODDSRATIO= and REFPROPORTION= options)

• relative risk and reference proportion (by using the RELATIVERISK= and REFPROPORTION= options)

To specify the sample size and allocation, choose one of the following parameterizations:

• sample size per group in a balanced design (by using the NPERGROUP= option)

• total sample size and allocation weights (by using the NTOTAL= and GROUPWEIGHTS= options)

• individual group sample sizes (by using the GROUPNS= option)

Option Groups for Common Analyses

This section summarizes the syntax for the common analyses supported in the TWOSAMPLEFREQ statement.

Pearson Chi-Square Test for Two Proportions

You can use the NPERGROUP= option in a balanced design and express effects in terms of the individual proportions, as in the following statements. Default values for the SIDES= and ALPHA= options specify a two-sided test with a significance level of 0.05.

You can also specify an unbalanced design by using the NTOTAL= and GROUPWEIGHTS= options and express effects in terms of the odds ratio. The default value of the NULLODDSRATIO= option specifies a test of no effect.

You can also specify sample sizes with the GROUPNS= option and express effects in terms of relative risks. The default value of the NULLRELATIVERISK= option specifies a test of no effect.

You can also express effects in terms of the proportion difference. The default value of the NULLPROPORTIONDIFF= option specifies a test of no effect, and the default value of the GROUPWEIGHTS= option specifies a balanced design.

Fisher’s Exact Conditional Test for Two Proportions

The following statements demonstrate a power computation for Fisher’s exact conditional test for two proportions. Default values for the SIDES= and ALPHA= options specify a two-sided test with a significance level of 0.05.

Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square Test for Two Proportions

The following statements demonstrate a sample size computation for the likelihood ratio chi-square test for two proportions. Default values for the SIDES= and ALPHA= options specify a two-sided test with a significance level of 0.05.

You have two versions of a document and now you want to know:What are the differences, what has remained the same?

Are you tired of the tedious comparison by eyeballing?

Or do you already use a comparison tool, but are not satisfiedwith the results?

Then you are exactly right here. Read on why our software PDiffreally helps you:

Why compare documents with PDiff (and not by eyeballing)?

Because you have better things to do. Not to mention themistakes that can happen to the best reader every now and then.

PDiff does the proofreading with care and with constantattention, even for completely changed layouts.

So you won’t overlook even the slightest text deviation: You won’tmiss any legally or technically relevant difference. For sure.

Even for long documents, you have the results within a few seconds.

Differences are clearly and precisely documented on screen andin the proof report. The results are reproducible andobjective. And can be used for internal and externalcommunication.

With PDiff you see the differences at a glance. You can focus onwhat matters most: examining and reviewing your texts.

Performance comparison human versus PDiff. top: Speed inwords per minute(WPM)^1,2, bottom:Precision as percentage of detected worderrors³.

How to compare PDF files with PDiff.

Drag two PDFs into the PDiff window and you will see all textdifferences in the unique synchronous display:

• Insertions
• Deletions
• Replacements
• Rearrenged text
• optionally also style differences (fonts and attributes such asbold, italic, underline, strikethrough, superscripts and subscripts)

The comparison works even for different layouts. So evenif fonts, hyphenation, column breaks or even page breaks havebeen changed.

PDiff shows all similarities and differences within a fewseconds².

Proofreading becomes seeing instead of searching.

The screencast shows you how fast you compare your PDF fileswith PDiff.

Simplified workflow. 1, 2, 3, done.

In the simplest case, the workflow with PDiff consists of the following steps:

Details for the individual steps can be found in thefollowing sections. Or directly by a click on thecorresponding icon.

Typical workflow. Less is more.

In addition to the simplified workflowit is recommended that you carry out another important stepbefore reviewing the differences:

The aim of this step is to reduce the number of differencesas much as possible, so that the relevant differences standout clearly and you can focus your reviewing on these differences.

Automation. When things have to go even faster.

If you …

• … want to compare a lot of documents
• … have very large documents with longer computing times
• … plan to integrate the document comparison into other software systems

then a fundamentally different workflow is possible:

You can automate PDiff – by batch processing in the GUI orvia command line interface (CLI) without any GUI. For details,see the section Automation.

Applications of PDiff.

PDiff is an ideal solution to compare versions of your documents:

• important office documents
• mission critical technical manuals
• legal texts and business contracts
• pharmaceutical packaging and medical leaflets
• financial reports
• manuscripts and thesis texts
• scientific articles, reports, and proceedings
• fictional books and non-fiction books
• price lists and catalogs
• copywriting to press-ready layout

Compare Word files (DOC/DOCX) with PDF.

PDiff provides an import mechanism for all common documentformats: DOC/DOCX, RTF, TXT, XLS (Excel), etc.

Formats other than PDF are converted auto­matically by callingtheir native applications. So you can also compare Wordfiles with PDF.

Checking foreign-language texts.

PDiff comes with full Unicode support. You can also easilycompare texts in non-Roman writing systems:e.g. Chinese/Japanese /Korean (CJK), Arabic, Hebrew.

To highlight the differences between two documents, with PDiffyou do not even have to speak the language yourself.

Synchronized display of PDF and text.

To show you a clearly understandable comparison result of yourdocuments, PDiff offers you a unique synchronous display andintuitive navigation tools:

• See differences highlighted as colored markings in the PDFsand side-by-side in a tabular text synopsis.
• With several tools you can directly navigate from difference to difference.
• Different types of deviations can be inspected.
• You can check off differences with an OK mark to markchanges that have been accepted or to hide less relevantchanges.
• Optionally, differences can also be supplemented with comments.

Try out the synchronized display directly in the web browser.

Here you can try out the synchronized display of PDF & Textyourself: Move your mouse over the words in the interactivescreenshot and watch how the synchronous cursor runs through bothdocuments at the same time.

Synchronized display of PDF and text. top: Side-by-side PDF view of the compareddocuments, bottom: The extracted text from both documents. Alldisplays are synchronized with each other and show differenceswith colored highlights.

Everything in view.

The main window of PDiff consists of a fully synchronizeddisplay of both documents:

• top: PDF view with a side-by-side display of document Aand document B
• bottom: Text view with a synoptic comparison of theextracted texts from document A and document B,i.e. corresponding text passages each at the same height

Differences found are clearly highlighted in both window halvesby colored markings.

Advantages of the synchronized display.

This synchronized display gives you a unique insight into thecomparison process: You see …

• … where text was found and where not.
• … whether special characters, accent marks and symbols aredisplayed correctly.
• … whether spaces and hyphenations were recognized correctly.
• … in which order the words were read and compared.
• … whether differences are possibly only caused byincorrectly recognized letters of an OCR.
• … on which characters style attributes such as bold, italic,underline, and strikethrough were recognized.
• … whether numerical values and chemical/mathematicalformulas were read correctly (sign, decimal point, order of digits,subscripts and superscripts).

With PDiff you can generate your comparison results not only foryourself, but also for

Pdiff Express 2

• customers
• suppliers
• internal documentation (colleagues or supervisors)
• external auditors, such as regulators
• other software systems for further processing

And if you give something out of hand, then it is not enoughthat the reports look only acceptable. They just have to beperfect. The format and content must be correct.

That’s why PDiff offers you 7 types of outputformats:

• Tabular PDF report (for regulators like the EMA)
• Annotated PDF A or B
• Side-by-side PDF A + B
• XML
• CSV
• PDiff projects
• Return code for automation via CLI

The reports document comprehensibly and unambiguouslychanges and/or similarities with position, text and optionaluser comments.

The content and layout of reports can be configured to fityour needs.

So you can produce exactly the results you need to optimallypresent yourself and your work.

Output formats of PDiff. 7 output formats areavailable. Content and appearance are configurable.

Power functions to filter out unimportant differences.

PDiff offers you the following 6 power functions, which allow youto achieve clear comparison results even with complicateddocuments:

• Exclusion areas to hide irrelevant differences in headersand footers
• Page ranges to exclude single or multiple pages such as titlepages, table of contents, or appendices from the comparison
• Text flow tool to synchronize different reading directions incomplex, nonlinear layouts
• Table tool to match the text flow of data in tables
• Replace function to systematically exchange differentcharacters or words in both documents, e.g. for lists withchanged bullets (“-“ vs. “•”)
• Comments and OK checkmarks to explain individual differences orto manually hide irrelevant differences via a check-offfunction

Piff Express Promo Code

Comparing apples and oranges? No problem.

With PDiff you can also compare documents where the layoutdiffers widely: for example, check the press-ready layoutagainst the copy text.

Special functions for packaging.

PDiff Professional also supports the comparison of rearrangedtexts. So you can check even complicated layouts of packagingagainst the original text. For example you can compare copytext with the text of a press-ready folding box that does noteven have a defined text flow direction.

Did you know…

…that the English idiom to compare apples and oranges, asdepicted in the PDiff icon, translates differently to otherlanguages. Another common idiom - e.g. in French, German,Spanish, and Italian - uses the expression apples and pears todescribe the comparison between dissimilar things.

Automation for high data volumes.

If you need to examine large document collections: PDiffProfessional can be completely automated, either within theGUI or even without GUI for integration with other softwaresystems.

Batch processing in the GUI.

A few mouse clicks, and the automation does the work forentire directories. Simply create PDF reports over alldocument pairs.

Automation via CLI interface.

Do you plan to integrate PDiff into your workflow or call itfrom other software systems? Through the CLI interface, PDiffmay be operated as a command line program. Hence, you canintegrate the powerful PDF comparison seamlessly in everypossible automation solution.

Piff Express Weedmaps

Why compare documents with PDiff (and not with other tools)?

Because you need a solution that you can fully rely on. Whichwill not let you down with complicated documents. And whichallows you to shine with your results thanks to tailor-madereport formats.

With some comparison tools, you only see the text content andcompletely lose sight of your original PDF documents. With othertools, you only see the PDFs, but you never know exactly whichtext content was really compared behind the scenes.

Not so with PDiff. Here you see everythingsynchronized in an ingenious combination: thetwo PDFs side by side and the recognized text underneath.

Thanks to this display, with PDiff you know for sure what’s actuallygoing on with the comparison and how to find the differences inyour PDF documents.

PDF is a global standard for reliable electronic documents andISO standard for archiving electronic documents. PDiff uses theAdobe® PDF Library™ to ensure a platform-independent, accuratedisplay. And to guarantee a reliable and consistent textanalysis.

Piff Express Delivery

The most common reason that users are frustrated by comparisontools and switch back to manual proofreading: The display of toomany irrelevant, unaccountable differences. And just when thesoftware is needed the most – with more complicated documents –the benefits go to zero.

To make sure that does not happen to you with PDiff, we’ve added6 power functions to the software that let youfilter out unimportant differences in a surprisingly easyway. So, even with complicated inputs, you can rely on PDiff todo a lot of the work for you.

Comparing documents is probably not one of your core tasks. Yourexciting, creative, interesting work takes place before orafter. It is therefore all the more important that PDiff bringsyou quickly to your destination.

Thanks to the intuitive and field-proven interface of PDiff, youcan immediately start comparing your files. Without training or readingthick manuals.

And also under the hood, everything is geared for speed:64-bit technology and parallel processing on multi-core CPUscompare even 100-page documents in 17 seconds².

Your confidential data remains on your computer. Your documentswill never be transferred over the internet.

In addition, a speed factor: The calculations are completelylocally. You benefit directly from the computing power of yourworkstation computer.

More information can be found here: Cloudless – Your data belongs to you!.

Do you need proof of the unaltered text or the exact changes made?

With other tools, you can usually only produce one type of output where the format and content cannot be changed.

With PDiff you can create 7 types of result reportsto get output in form and content according to yourwishes. So that you deliver brilliant results that make youand your work shine.

Compare PDF: 10 insider tips how to get the best results

Our 10 insider tips are the condensate from years of work in the fieldPDF comparison and the feedback from renowned customers in allindustries. We are happy to share this secret knowledge withyou.

checks your press-ready PDFs for graphical correctness

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checks your print products against the press-ready PDF

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checks barcodes directly in your press-ready PDFs

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checks circuit layouts and technical drawings for differences

Learn more ›Try now ›

¹ The average human reading speed when proofreading texts is 200 words per minute.

² Speed measurement of PDiff: Measured for a 100-page sample document with 59037 words and 590 word differences (1%) on a MacBook Pro, 2,9 GHz Intel Core i7, 16GB RAM by calling PDiff in CLI mode. The computing time including report generation (annotated PDF A + B) is 17s.

³ According to a comparative studyby Ray Panko, University ofHawaii on proofreading error rates, thehuman recognition rate of word errors is about 75%.